Pitfalls and traps
General advice
Dates, times, and time zones are tricky. In .NET, there are subtle differences that can be challenging to spot. My general advice is:
- Use
DateTimeOffsetwhen possible (instead ofDateTime) - Store, load, work (and think) in UTC as much as possible
- Side-step time zones altogether by displaying time in relative time units when possible (e.g. "2 hours ago" instead of "4/25/2025 11:32:17 PM").
- Avoid methods like
ToLocalTimeorToUniversalTimeas these make assumptions and rely on the server's time zone, which is often not helpful. UseTimeZoneInfo.ConvertTimeinstead.
Other gotchas
TimeZoneInfo.ConvertTime(...) returns a DateTime with Kind = Unspecified.
For example:
DateTime dt = DateTime.UtcNow;
// dt.ToString("o") -> 2025-04-26T05:32:17.2173477Z
// dt.Kind -> Utc
TimeZoneInfo tz = TimeZoneInfo.FindSystemTimeZoneById("America/Chicago");
var sf = TimeZoneInfo.ConvertTime(d, tz);
// sf.ToString("o") -> 2025-04-26T00:32:17.2173477
// sf.Kind -> Unspecified
Note that the Unspecified time lacks a time zone offset in the output. You might be tempted to set its
Kind to Local, but this is usually not a good idea:
// don't do this
var sfLocal = DateTime.SpecifyKind(sf, DateTimeKind.Local);
sfLocal.ToString("o") -> 2025-04-26T00:32:17.2173477+00:00
The time is correct, but the time zone offset is not. Chicago is -05:00, not +00:00. "Local" in this context is the server's time zone (-00:00).
1That undesired time zone also shows up in the related format strings %K, %z,
zz, and zzz above. Again, these show the time zone of the server, not the time
zone the value was converted to. Luckily, DateTimeOffset handles this better:
var dto = DateTimeOffset.UtcNow;
var chicagoDto = TimeZoneInfo.ConvertTime(dto, tz);
// dto.ToString("zzz") --> +00:00
// chicagoDto.ToString("zzz") --> -05:00
Other surprising things
The Ticks property is not
agnostic of time zones/kind:
DateTime utc = DateTime.UtcNow; DateTime local = utc.ToLocalTime(); // don't do this DateTime unspecified = TimeZoneInfo.ConvertTime(utc, tz); // utc.Ticks --> 638812423372173869 // local.Ticks --> 638812423372173869 // unspecified.Ticks --> 638812243372173869
I guess it makes sense that Ticks would vary here, but I personally would have guessed that it was
always in UTC, sort of like Javascript's
getTime.
And DateTimeOffset works in the same spirit by factoring in the offset:
// these are the same for DateTimeOffset, but not DateTime // dto.Ticks --> 638812423372173827 // chicagoDto.Ticks --> 638812243372173827 // // and the difference is the same as the time zone offset ✔️: // (chicagoDto.Ticks - dto.Ticks) / TimeSpan.TicksPerHour --> -5